The global population is projected to continue growing over the next fifty to sixty years, reaching a peak of approximately 10.3 billion people by the mid-2080s, up from 8.2 billion in 2024. Additionally, global life expectancy, which was 73.3 years in 2024, has increased by 8.4 years since 1995. Further reductions in mortality are expected to raise average longevity to around 77.4 years globally by 2054. By 2080, it is anticipated that individuals aged 65 or older will outnumber children under 18.^[1]

The growing population, coupled with socio-economic changes such as aging demographics, will place greater demands on the world’s resources to supply not just more food but also a greater variety of food types. The increasing demand for animal-proteins, in particular, is expected to have detrimental environmental effects including higher greenhouse gas emissions, and greater water and land usage. Addressing this challenge will require more sustainable production methods for existing protein sources and the development of alternative proteins for human consumption.

Existing protein sources include plant-based proteins, meat, dairy, fish, shellfish and other animal products. Cereal proteins account for the major portion of dietary protein intake globally and are important for animals as well as humans. Whilst plant-based proteins such as cereals can offer a significant health benefit as a rich source of bioactive peptides, they often lack one or more amino acids in sufficient quantity to meet human nutritional needs.

Insect protein as an alternative to tradition protein sources

Insect protein is gaining attention for its impressive nutritional profile, making it a promising alternative to traditional protein sources. For example, insect protein is a complete protein (meaning it contains all nine essential amino acids necessary for human health) and insects like crickets and mealworms are protein dense (about 60-70 protein by dry weight). Insect protein is also rich in other nutrients such healthy fats (e.g., omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids), vitamin and minerals (e.g., vitamin B12, riboflavin (B2) and pantothenic acid (B5) as well as the minerals iron, zinc and magnesium), dietary fiber and antioxidants.^[2] Comparative nutritional values (per 100 g) for cricket powder, beef and chicken are shown below:

- Cricket powder: 65 g protein, 6 g fat, 6 mg iron, 7 mg zinc, 2.6 mg riboflavin.

- Beef: 26 g protein, 17 g fat, 2.6 mg iron, 4.8 mg zinc, 0.2 mg riboflavin.

- Chicken: 27 g protein, 9 g fat, 1.2 mg iron, 2.4 mg zinc, 0.2 mg riboflavin.

Crickets, mealworms, black solider fly larvae, silkworms, grasshoppers and locusts, and termites are commonly used in the production of insect protein due to their high nutritional value, ease of farming, and acceptability.

Innovations in insect protein production

Technological advancements in insect farming and processing have significantly improved efficiency, scalability and sustainability. For example: automated feedings systems have improved feeding efficiency; advanced climate control systems have enhanced insect growth and reproduction by maintaining optimal temperature, humidity and light condition; waste processing technologies have allowed insects to be fed on organic waste streams thereby reducing food waste and promoting a circular economy; high-tech breeding programs, such as selective breeding and genetic modification, have improved traits leading to higher yields; high pressure processing has been used for microbial decontamination and enzyme inactivation, ensuring safety and quality of insect protein; innovative LED technology has been used for mass harvesting of insects like grasshoppers; and AI and machine learning has been used to monitor and optimize farming conditions, predict growth patterns, and improve overall farm management.

Intellectual property in insect protein

The insect protein sector is witnessing a notable increase in intellectual property (IP) activities, with a multitude of patents being filed to protect advancements in farming, processing and product development. Companies such as Entocycle, Ynsect, InnovaFeed, and Hexafly are leading the charge with their innovative technologies.

• Entocycle is a leading provider of insect farming technology, specializing in breeding and rearing black soldier flies at a commercial scale. Entocycle uses advanced technology like the Entosight® Neo for accurately counting and dosing larvae thereby reducing the feed conversion ratio, increasing efficiency and reducing costs. Entocycle’s technological solutions are patent protected (see, for example, US12016316B2).

• Ynsect is a leading company in the field of insect-based protein production, focusing primarily on mealworms. Ynsect operates state-of-the art vertical farms where they cultivate mealworms using advanced robotics, computer vision and AI to optimize growth and productivity. They produce high-quality insect protein which is used in various applications, including animal feed, pet food and human food. Ynsect holds over 440 patents, including EP3240905B1 which is directed to a beetle powder having at least 67% by weight of proteins and the use of the powder in human nutrition, e.g., instead of a proteinic flour.

• InnovaFeed is a biotechnology company that specializes in the breeding and processing of insects, particularly the black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens), to produce sustainable ingredients for animal nutrition and agriculture. InnovaFeed produces high-quality insect protein and oil, which are used in aquaculture, poultry, swine and pet food. For example, InnovaFeed has a pending European patent application directed to the use of feed containing insect oil to improve the breeding conditions of slow-growing broiler poultry (see EP4287841). The company also creates organic fertilizers from insect droppings, which are used to enhance plant and crop growth.

• Hexafly is an innovative company that focuses on sustainable insect farming. Hexafly uses black soldier flies to convert food waste into high-quality insect-based products. Products include Hexameal® (a sustainable, high-protein meal used in aquaculture and pet food markets), Hexaoil® (a sustainable insect oil high in antimicrobial lauric acid, which is used in animal feed and the oleochemical industry), Hexafrass® (a slow-release organic solid improver and fertilizer suitable for agriculture, horticulture, and gardening), and Hexagrubs® (nutrient-dense insect proteins high in Omega-3 and calcium, suitable for birds, reptiles, and fish). Hexafly has a pending European patent application directed to compositions containing Hermetia Illucens for use as a disinfectant, antiseptic, or antibiotic (see EP3978004).

Challenges and future directions for insect protein

Insect protein has emerged as a promising sustainable and nutritious alternative to traditional animal-based proteins. However, its widespread adoption faces several challenges. Current insect production volumes are relatively low, and scaling up to meet the increasing demand for protein requires substantial investment in infrastructure and technology. Additionally, consumer acceptance remains a significant barrier, especially in Western countries where cultural aversions to consuming insects persist, limiting its acceptance as a mainstream food source. Regulatory hurdles also pose challenges, with regulations governing the use of insects in food and feed varying widely across regions. For instance, some areas have restrictions on the types of feedstocks that can be used to rear insects, limiting the industry’s ability to utilize waste streams effectively.

Continued innovation and investment are essential to overcome these barriers and fully realize the benefits of insect protein. Research into new processing methods can ensure the safety and quality of insect protein. Additionally, exploring new applications for insect protein in various food products can open-up new markets and increase consumer acceptance.

IP protection will play a crucial role in fostering innovation within the insect protein industry. By securing patents for novel farming and processing technologies, companies can safeguard their investments and encourage further research and development. Patent protection not only incentivizes innovation but also attracts investors who are more likely to fund projects with secured IP rights. This can lead to more efficient production methods and higher quality products, ultimately benefiting consumers and the environment.

By addressing these challenges through sustained investment, innovation, and regulatory support, the insect protein industry can play a crucial role in meeting the global demand for sustainable and nutritious protein sources.

[1] – https://population.un.org/wpp/

[2] – https://www.mdpi.com/2304-8158/6/7/53#B12-foods-06-00053